What Is Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)?

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a common yet under-recognized communication disorder affecting language comprehension and expression. It may be referred to as Specific Language Impairment (SLI) based on other studies or different schools of thought. DLD is not linked to low intelligence or hearing loss but impacts learning, social interactions, and academic success.

Developmental Language Delay is also used when describing a language disorder not associated with any known underlying medical condition. When addressing DLD, early intervention and speech therapy can improve communication skills for individuals and support families.

Understanding Developmental Language Disorder

DLD is a lifelong condition affecting language processing and use; it can have an impact on both written and spoken communication. DLD is often diagnosed in childhood but can persist into adulthood. Developmental Language Disorder can change over time based on neurological growth and development. DLD is specifically tied to language processing and use and differs from other conditions like Autism where there may be broader variations in social language use and behavioral needs.

What Causes Developmental Language Disorder?

The exact cause of DLD is unknown, but genetics can play a role. Brain differences affecting language processing may also contribute to the disorder. This is not to confuse DLD with other environmental factors, like bilingualism, causing DLD. Continued research is needed and is currently being implemented to determine additional information on DLD.

Signs and Symptoms of DLD

Signs of DLD in Young Children

Developmental Language Disorder may be indicated by the following signs in young children. This is not an exhaustive list, and you should consult your local SLP or primary care physician for additional help:

• Late talking or a limited vocabulary
• Difficulty forming sentences
• Frequent grammatical errors are a common sign
• Struggle to follow directions
• Difficulty understanding complex sentences
• Challenges in storytelling
• Difficulty maintaining conversations with peers

Signs of DLD in School-Aged Children

Developmental Language Disorder may be indicated by the following signs in school-aged children:

• Difficulty learning and/or recalling new words.
• Struggle with understanding and following classroom instructions.
• Impacts on classroom academics could include poor reading comprehension or grammar use
• May self-report frustration with communication, leading to avoidance of class participation or social interactions.

Signs of DLD in Adults

Developmental Language Disorder may be indicated by the following signs in adults:

• Persistent difficulty finding the right words in conversation.
• Challenges in organizing thoughts
• Difficulty forming clear sentences
• Struggle with understanding complex information in professional or social settings.
• May lead to avoidance of professional or social communication due to fear of being misunderstood.

How Is DLD Diagnosed?

Developmental Language Disorder diagnosis is typically conducted by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) through comprehensive language assessments. Evaluations include both receptive (understanding) and expressive (speaking) language skills. Implementation of standardized language tests, observations, and parent/teacher reports helps identify DLD. Early diagnosis allows for targeted interventions to improve communication skills.

DLD vs. Other Language Disorders

DLD vs. Speech Delay

A speech delay refers to late language or speech development, but most children eventually catch up. DLD involves persistent difficulties with language that do not resolve without intervention.

DLD vs. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Autistic children and adults often experience social communication challenges, repetitive behaviors, and sensory sensitivities due to neurological variations. DLD primarily affects language comprehension and production without variations in social language use or sensory sensitivities.

DLD vs. Dyslexia

Dyslexia mainly impacts reading and writing, while DLD affects both spoken and written language. Many individuals with DLD also struggle with literacy skills due to language processing difficulties.

Treatment Options for Developmental Language Disorder

Speech Therapy for DLD

Speech-language therapy focuses on improving comprehension, vocabulary, and sentence structure. Sessions include activities and exercises targeting grammar, storytelling, and conversational skills. Individualized therapy plans can help children and adults develop stronger communication strategies and promote the generalization of skills independently.

Strategies for Parents and Caregivers

It is recommended for parents to engage in reading and storytelling to build vocabulary and comprehension. Use of visual aids, gestures, and repetition can reinforce language learning. Parents should provide ample time for responses and avoid pressuring the child to speak quickly.

Classroom and Workplace Support

Teachers and employers can provide accommodations such as written instructions and extended response times. Speech-language pathologists can collaborate with educators and supervisors to offer communication support. Your academic or work teams may benefit from assistive technology, such as text-to-speech apps, to aid comprehension and expression.

Is Developmental Language Disorder a Lifelong Condition?

Many individuals with DLD continue to face language challenges into adulthood. Early intervention, therapy, and adaptive strategies can help individuals improve communication skills. Supportive environments at home, school, and work are essential for individuals with DLD to thrive.

Take the First Step Toward Better Communication

Speech therapy can help in improving language development for individuals with DLD. It is encouraged for parents, caregivers, and adults to seek an evaluation from a speech-language pathologist.

Verse Therapy offers personalized access to a wide variety of SLP/ST options, so schedule a free consultation!